Children Act 1989 Essay Example for Free

Children practice 1989 EssayTask 1 links to learning outcome 1, legal opinion criteria1.1. Produce an information sheet which outlines the following the current edict for home based childcare the role of regulatory bodies.The two most important pieces of legislation covering home-based childcare are the Children Act (2004) and the Childcare Act (2006(.Children Act (2004)This influential piece of legislation which arose from Every Child Matters and identifies five outcomes for all children* Be healthy* Stay safe* Enjoy and achieve* Make a positive contribution* Achieve economic well-beingThese outcomes should underpin all commit of a childminder. Childcare Act (2006)This Act introduced the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum into England and Wales, and place a statutory duty on the topical anaesthetic authority to work towards ensuring the five outcomes set out in the Children Act (2004) are being met.Other relevant legislation of importance isEquality Act (2010)Th e intention of this Act is to combine the fragmented discrimination legislation, bringing together the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Race Relations Act (1976), and DDA (1995). Promotion of concern opportunities in all settings is essential, and relevant policies and procedures should be developed, monitored and assessed.Education Act (1997)This Act incorporates all previous Acts since 1944. It recognise the rights of parents regarding their childrens education and set a clock frame on the legal process for identifying and assessing a childs needs as set out in the Code of Practice.Public health (Control of Disease) Act (1984), RIDDOR (1995) and Health Protection Agency Act (2004) All these legislations are focused on protecting peoples health, covering notification and excommunication periods for certain infectious diseases and reporting of certain accidents and incidents.OFSTED is the regulating body for England Wales. Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education, Children s Services and Skills. They report directly to Parliament and are self-sufficient and impartial. They inspect and regulate work which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Their aim is to promote improvement and value for money in the childcare services they inspect and regulate, so that all children and young people, parents and carers, with child(p) learners and employers benefit. OFSTEDs job is to checkplaces where children and young peopleare looked afterthe people who look after children and young peopleschools and collegesadult learning and traininghow teachers are trained

Of Mice And Men coursework (Theme Of Loneliness And Friendship) Essay Example for Free

Of Mice And Men coursework (Theme Of Loneliness And Friendship) EssayConsider the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men. How does it affect the friendships and relationships in the novel? This novel was written by John Steinbeck which was set in the 1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California. The novel consists of many historical factors which have affected the characters in this novel and one of them includes, The prominent depression Which leads the novels inspiration for the famous writer John Steinbeck which he in the first place based on his own experience. In those days people travelled a atomic pile differently to how we travel now. In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances looking for a job. There argon many different themes in which are based throughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature, dreams and reality Which even lead to catastrophe. Many of the people in this novel have genuinely lonely lives mainly because they ar e migrant workers and as we hunch they dont have time to make any friends or have any time to occur with their families. There are many characters that are lonely due to age, sex, and race.Two good examples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of his race. This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who are an anomalous pair of migrant workers that look after each other. They are completely the reverse of each other. George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all of their problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. Being kindred this all of the time, in what ever the taradiddle it is, always pictures that you would be the small quick one with sharp features. Lennie is the guy that is magniloquent and always does what he is told and has an ill-defined, solid, and powerful body and does not know his own strength. Steinbeck describes him as the one with no shape in his face and his body. Lennie drags his feet when h e walks and acts like an animal. In the descriptions of these two men their appearance is completely different. George dresses neat and tidy, while Lennie dresses precise scruffy.Just by the description of George and Lennie, you tidy sum clearly see that Lennie is the electric shaver out of the two men, as you can tell how he colloquys and acts around George and throughout the whole book. Being a man Lennie lacks a lot of language, which I think that he never attended a lot of school. Examples look George, look what I done this is immature language. This kind of behaviour makes George the induce type figure, so he would be the defender. John Steinbeck relates to Lennie, in the theme of nature, by describing his walk, and some of the things he does in relation to the animals like the way he drinks from the lake as Steinbeck describes him as a horse that puts its whole head into the water and slurps. This links in to the theme of natures, because of the use of animal descriptions that Steinbeck uses throughout the book, which is very of import to this novel because in the beginning of the book, Nature was introduced straight away.Steinbecks describes the surroundings in such detail, that he uses a whole page to describe the forest (which is in the beginning of the book) which gives the readers a good imaginative view of what Steinbeck is writing. George and Lennie have an abnormal relationship. They are two friends, one needs the other more .George often fills very frustrated towards Lennie, which also shows that George cares. George loves Lennie very much and will always be a friend to him and so does Lennie. Lennie could not live without him because George does everything for him. Between George and Lennie, George is the one that is mainly in control, he cooks, finds them jobs finds them a place to sleep and because of this, they always travel together, where one goes, the other one follows like a duck and her ducklings.George travels with Lennie becaus e Lennie would not be able to survive on his own. These two men share the same dreams but George knows in reality, it is not going to happen. Later on in the story Candy has now been introduced to the book as the old swapper. He is tall, stooped shoulders and has white whiskers. When you first see him, he is very friendly, although he is a flyspeck weary of newcomers. His only friend is his dog that he has had since he was a little boy which symbolises that he is very lonely which refers to the theme of loneliness. When he gets to know people, he begins to trust them he opens up and strikes a conversation with his new friends just as he did with Lennie. A little further on in the story as they become very close together and even share each others dream. In the future he looses both his dog and Lennie and pharisaism really prevent Lennies death but tries to prevent his dogs death, but this fails.This shatters Candys dreams because he cannot share his dream with his long companion. In Chapter 4, Crooks is introduced. He is the only coloured (black) individual on the ranch and this is where the theme of loneliness comes into play. Crooks is a stable buck. He has a crooked spine, and his eyes lay deep in his head, he is lined with deep black wrinkles and has thin tightened lips. Again relating to the theme of loneliness, Crooks lives by himself in a shed because he is the only Black man, this is why he can afford to leave all of his belongings lying around. He has got his own collection of items like books, shoes and his own copy for the California civil commandment which indicates that he knows his rights and does not want to be taken advantage of. Eventually Crooks and Lennie are talking about if Lennie could live without George and about crooks childhood explaining why his drive never let him play with other kids and why he is so lonely.When he is speaking with Lennie about his childhood, he is speaking like it is still natural event or it has recently h appened. This is a very similar story to his life at that present time. Being the only coloured man, Crooks is treated as an outcast, as racism was very high in those days which forces him to spend his time reading while the others are playing card games. Crooks become very tart due to the fact that everyone ill treats him which makes him feel hurt. In the next chapter Curley is introduced to the story. He is the bosss son, he has a wife, she has dark hair that reaches down to her shoulders, her eyes are dull close together and has pink small lips with very pale skin. The book does not mention anything about her name which suggests that she does not know who her parents are and does not have an identity.She behaves like she is not Curleys wife and that she is single so she flirts with a lot of the men behind Curlys back. She would say things like now that were alone what do you want to do. To try and tempt the man. In doing this, all the men try as hard as they can to stay away fr om her because they know that she is bowl over and know how Curley feels about his wife. Curleys wife does this because she wants precaution, again, related to the theme of loneliness. All the farmers speak really bad of her because of her being flirtatious they also are frightened to talk to her because they fear Curley, and he would think that something is going on plus he has the authority to get them fired or to shoot them. She married Curly to get some sort of status and to have an identity but she never liked him anyway. When she describes her life on the ranch, she says that her life is boring, that no one pays any attention to her and that she gets treated like a little girl.Curleys wife often dreams about herself becoming an actress. At the end of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennies death. Before Lennies death, Curleys wife and Lennie were talking in the barn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talking to each other about each others dreams. They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to do in their life. Lennie has a spell of stroking things. He was stroking Curleys wifes hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard, that he lost control and broke her neck. This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candys relationship, as Curley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to kill Lennie before he gets killed by Curly. Loneliness will always end in tragedy and dreams will rarely become reality. True Friendship never ends.

Mobile Grocery Store Business Plan

winding food market Store work PlanBusiness PlanTable of Contents (Jump to)Executive Summary sectionalisation 2 Business Summary2.1. Business Description2.2. Business Objectives2.3. Current Situation and desktop2.4. Financial Situation and Legal RequirementsSection 3 Industry outline3.1. Industry Description3.2. Industry Growth3.3. Future Industry DevelopmentsSection 4 Market Summary4.1 Market Analysis4.2 Market Segmentation4.3 Market Research4.4 Competition Analysis4.5 Competition Strengths4.6 Competition WeaknessesSection5 sales and merchandising5.1. Marketing Strategies5.2. Unique selling point5.3. Media, promotion dodging and advertising campaign5.5. BudgetSection6 Financial considerations6.1. Pricing strategy6.2. Projected sales6.2. Other pecuniary considerationsCostAppendicesAppendix 1 Cash Flow ForecastsSection 2 Business SummaryDue to the trespass of super food securities industrys emersion and rising costs the numbers of local anaesthetic and doojigger stores argon decliningi, pickyly in rural knowledge domains. This means consumers in numerous of the rural areas of Wales are finding themselves having to travel further afield for their basic grocery obtain requirements, which cigarette present gruellingies, particular for the older age segment and those in wiz families or with busy lifestyle. It is thitherfore seen that at that place is an opportunity for the introduction of a mobile grocery backup to dish up these consumers chooses on a uninterrupted al-Qaida, bringing convenience store benefits and prices to their locale.This work plan presents the case for a railway line that allow fill this niche market sector. Provisionally named magnetic north Wales Mobile Grocery (NWMG) the business, whilst non a new concept, is innovative in that it brings all of the benefits of convenience shopping turn up to the door of the consumer whilst at the same judgment of conviction eliminating many of the shopping difficulti es disc all overd by consumers in rural areas, particular those in the older age segment, single families and with busy lifestyles.The business plan is being presented with the endeavor of seeking a spouseship with a branded grocery organisation that depart provide the capital investment to assist with its festering and future growth programme.2.1 Business DescriptionNWMG pass on high-pitchedtail it two mobile shops offering convenience store shopping shut out to the homes of those who live in the rural areas of North Wales that are not adequately serviced by local stores. The two stores impart be of different sizes, with the larger on being based upon a refurbished coach, with the small vehicle being either a just sized van or smaller coach version. The advantage of the former is that, with its low level access, it pass on allow elderly shoppers to board and browse. The smaller vehicle pull up stakes be operated on the basis of the consumer having their requirements served personally by the vehicle operators, and will be develop able to service the more remote locations where accessibility would be difficult for the larger vehicle.It is anticipated that the vehicles will be able to carry a set of between 100 and 200 products, with the larger vehicle having the ability of offering a small freewheel of frozen items. This will include all of the basic and basic grocery and food items that are always in demand by consumers.The mobile shops will operate on a cartridge holder slot basis at convenient locations that will serve between integrity and three streets. Dependent upon demand, each area will be allocated between one or two slots a week. It is anticipated that each slot will cover a time period of one and a half hours. With hours from 7.30 am to 9.00 pm, and allowing for thirty minutes travel between slots and half-dozen day opening, this provides the business with seven retail slots per day, equalling 42 retail slots per vehicle per w eek.To enable the business to operate on the basis of offering competitive prices, it is the intention of the proprietor to develop a partnership relationship with an existing grocery distribution or retailing brand so that the business will gain low cost competitive advantageii from the economies of scale that partner can offer. The will enhance the ability of the business to deliver consumer satisfaction and at the same time assist in the emergence of a loyal customer relationship.2.2 Business ObjectivesThe objective for the business is to seduce a quality alternative convenience shopping experience for the consumer, one that will bring quality service at competitive prices. In addition, this experience will address the true meaning of convenience, being located a few steps away from their door at a time when they remove to avail themselves of the products being offered for sale.Following the successful establishment of this pilot business, for the longer term the proprietor is considering commencing a franchise operation that will expand into new(prenominal) rural locations throughout the UK and Ireland.2.3 Current Situation and BackgroundThe growth of supermarket chains within the past few decades, with their share of the grocery market rising to 75% in 2006iii together with the increased costs of running a local business, has led to the demise of many local stores during the course of the past few decades, a vista that experts expect to continueiv. In many rural areas this has created a situation where consumers beat been left with no local stores, forcing them in some instances to travel reasonable distances to do their daily and weekly shopping in out of area stores. Of itself, this presents difficulties for the elderly, single parent families and those with business rural lifestyles. Valuable time and money is having to be spent by these consumers in having to ar project for transportation or to take time off work in order to do their shopping at distant supermarkets. Furthermore, there is a need to purchase additional supplies during these visits as they have no convenient store from which to satisfy sudden extra need or impulse buying requirements. The disadvantage of this situation is that any price benefit gained from their shopping is eroded by the extra cost and inconveniences they experience.It is these problems that our mobile service is intended to address. Between once and twice a week our mobile stores will bring convenience back to the local area. It will reduce the damage of having to make time consuming and difficult trips for the elderly and those who have time limitations. Furthermore, the small price first derivative between our products and those offered by distant stores will be more than offset by the cost saving of the travel involved.2.4 Financial Situation and Legal RequirementsAs this is a new business, there is no financial background to rely upon. However, a detailed financial plan has been const ructed and is attached within the appendices at the end of this plan. This shows that the business requires funding of X,XXX,XXX to complete its programme. To facilitate the attractor of the investment, it is intended to set the business up as a limited company, which will provide the investor with formal shares, which will pay out dividends as rise as having the potential for capital gain return.In call of legal requirements, the owners are aware that the business will need to comply with all the wellness and safety regulations relating to food retailing. In addition, if the product range is to include alcoholic, tobacco and other(a) legally controlled products, the relevant licences will need to be applied for.Section 3 Industry Analysis3.1 Industry DescriptionLatest statistics show that the numbers of local and convenience stores, particular those that are independent, are continuing to declinev, and there is little sign of this situation being reversed within the foreseeabl e future. The statistics also show that the position in respect of independent stores is being exacerbated by the increase in the share that supermarkets and multiples are taking of the convenience retailing market. For example, Tesco now has a 6% share of the convenience store marketvi. However, the supermarkets and multiples, despite the inroads they are making into this market segment, still have catchment area criteria that need to be met before they will consider opening a convenience store in a specific location. This means that consumers in the less densely populated and more rural areas of the country, as is the case in North Wales, are the losers, as these larger organisations do not consider the replacement of closed down stores in these areas as being stintingally viable, which thus leaves consumers in these areas bereft of the convenience retailing services available to their suburban neighbours. Indeed, a recent writing showed that between 2002 and 2006, 7,337 or 4 ind ependent retailers a week were forced to close this businesses, which shows the significant scale of the problem that has been createdvii.However, demographic statistics show that the consumer segmentation is changing. The UK consumer population is aging, particularly in rural areasviii as are the general lifestyle and complaisant habits of the population as a whole. Similarly, there is increasing pressures being seen to affect long distance shopping experiences, which includes the rise in traffic congestion problems, environmental concerns, both in terms of climate and the degeneration of local community life. As a settlement of these hold outs, consumers are increasingly turning towards convenience shopping as being a more appropriate alternative. By bringing a mobile service to rural areas, our business offers the consumer in those areas the ability to have that choice.3.2 Industry GrowthDespite the decline in the number of independent retail outlets, and a slow down in the gr owth of supermarket growth over the past few categorysix, one area of industry grown that has well-kept a fairly consistent level of increase is the convenience store sector. The immunoglobulin Dx report in 2007 shows that there was a growth of 4.9% in this sector in 2006, which took its revenues to over 26 billion, with expectations that this figure will exceed 35 billion by 2012.3.3 Future Industry DevelopmentsA Datamonitor report in 2007xi shows that the grocery market is perhaps the most competitive in UK retailing. This report confirms the research conducted by IGD in terms of the consumers control over the development of this sector, forecasting that in the next five year it is the changes in consumer perception and demand that will drive the market segmentation and, as has been seen, this is moving more towards convenience and local shopping as is predicted by IGD. However, neither of these reports, or other market observations, see the independent store sector recovering. W ith the decline of independents expected to continue, this provides additional opportunities for a business such as the one NWMG is proposing to develop in an area that is expected to suffer significantly from this decline.Section 4 Market Summary4.1 Market AnalysisThe grocery retailing market can be shared into three main segments. These are the supermarkets and multiples, who between them now how a share approaching 90% of the total market, leaving the co-operatives and independents with the balancexii. However, as a recent economic report produced by Defra1 in (2003, p.18)xiiireveals, the situation is different in Wales, which has the highest number of non-superstores per 100,000 of population in the UK. It can thus be deduced that the continual closure number of independent stores is believably to affect North Wales, a more rural area of the country, to a greater degree than other areas of Wales and the UK, increasing the gap in the marketplace for the consumer orientated lo cal store provision to be filled. However, with the problems of cost, competitive pricing and market share penetration affecting local stores the most, the meeting of consumer demands can be seen to be more appropriately filled through the introduction of the more flexible mobile store business model that is being proposed by NWMG.4.2 Market SegmentationIn terms of segmentation of the North Wales market, the Defra report mentioned in section 4.1 also reveals that, in comparison with the rest of the UK, a high proportion of the Welsh population employment is concentrated in rural areas. Another report conducted by Swansea University also show that the age demographics in Wales is changing, with an supra average growth of population in North Wales between 1981 and 2001 and an 88% increase in the numbers of people aged 75 and over in the three decades to 2001xiv These statistics show the potential for the increased need for convenience grocery retailing in the area, and a need that is set to continue to rise during the plan of attack decades.4.3 Market ResearchUndertaking the market research, the results of which have been presented within this business plan, has helped the Proprietor of NWMG to identify the potential for the mobile grocery concept envisaged. For example, it has determined that there is a gap in the market that provides opportunity for business growth and also that the segmentation of population and the market performance are conducive to change the business to achieves its goals and objectives, both in terms of market share and financial projections. Furthermore, this research has confirmed that the consumer perception and demand is continuing to focus upon convenience time limited shopping rather than the marathon shops that were prevalent in the early days of supermarket expansion, which also fits in with the complex body part of the mobile store concept.4.4 Competition AnalysisThere is no doubt that the UK retail grocery sector is dominate d by supermarkets and multiples and these represent a formidable force of competition. However, the Defra (2003, p.12) report referred to previously shows that in Wales, these retailers control under a third of the retailing stores per 100,000 people, when compared with independent stores. The geographical and widespread demographics of North Wales also make supermarket growth and penetration more difficult than it would be in a more suburban area. Another area of competition may also occur from smaller independent stores within close proximity to the areas that the NWMG business will be servicing, although it is considered that the price differentiation will limit the response from this sector of the market. Therefore, it is considered that, although competition from these sectors would be strong, some of that strength would be dissipated by these demographic obstructions.4.5 Competition StrengthsIrrespective of the last comment made within the last section, the competition to NWMG does have some considerable areas of strength. whatsoever of their main strengths emanate from their position of size and market dominance. For example, the economies of sizexvand brand awareness give these businesses the financial and loyalty ability to be able to react positively and aggressively to any new market entrant. It is partly for these reasons that NWMG is seeking a partnership with an established brand to assist with the development of its business model.4.6 Competition WeaknessesHowever, as has briefly referred to earlier, there are some weaknesses that attach to the competition as well. Foe example, the low area concentration of the North Wales population and the geographical structure of the region make it more difficult for theses larger stores to be able to find suitable stores to fulfil the standard criterion that is needed before development is commenced. Similarly, the governments current determination to regenerate rural communities is also having a restricti ve impact on the major chain development programmes. Finally, the supermarket growth is particularly labored by the regulatory conditions laid down by the monopolies commission in terms of limits to market share positions. These issues will assist NWMG by muting any nix response form these competitors to its entry into the convenience market sector.The proprietor of NWMG has used the market research conducted, in conjunction with other efforts, to endeavour to closely define the target market for the business. The result of this research conclusion is that the target market will be concentrated upon three main grammatical cases of consumers.The first, and perhaps primary market segment will be the older age segmentation. The inherent difficulties in terms of cost and transportation that these people experience as a result of the loss of their local stores. This is in addition to the desire these people have to reviving local facilities. Secondly, there is the large segment of the population that is apply in rural areas. Because of the constraints of their employment, these people do not have the ability to be able to access distant stores with the same ease as those who are employed within a more suburban or town location. Whether they are employed or self-employed, this sector of the population do not open uped the luxury of being able to pop to the local store at lunchtime or during a break. The final segment of the population being targeted is the singles market. This includes single parents who cannot afford to spend the time travelling to distant stores due to their child commitments, such as school runs etc., and those people who live on their own and do not wish to spend the time or expense travelling long distances to purchase a ready meal of few items of grocery needs.The local position of the North West Mobile Grocery mobile stores together with their ease of accessibility, predetermined time slots that will be maintained on a steadfast basis a nd the price competitiveness of the products is seen to be addressing the concerns and demands of all of these target segments.As seen from the attached cash fuses, the owner intends to spend the first month organising the refurbishment and spiritual rebirth of the vehicles used for the service, the estimated costs for which have already been provided. In addition, this time will also be spent in putting into place all of the other capital expenditure items and implementing the supply, administrative and management systems that are required for a business of this nature. From a retailing aspect, research will be conducted to enable the development of the initial time slot calendar and location rota, which will need to be established to ensure an efficient deployment of staff and vehicles.From the human resource aspect, the employees selected will need to have HGV licences but, as customer service is also an integral part of their duties, it is intended to that the necessary traini ng is undertaken by these employees to ensure they can move with the customers in an effective and appropriate manner, thus building a relationship that will enhance the business product and create a loyalty doer that will continue to improve customer retention.Another step in the initial development process for the business will be to address the issue of location parking. In addition to public parking availability it is also intended to enter into discussions with owners of Public Houses, elderly care homes, local farmers and local liquidation community centres to assess the viability of these sites being used where appropriate. These have the added advantage of potentially attracting custom from those who frequent those establishments. As the business grows, the product range is likely to increase. Additionally, as customer relationships develop it is intended to introduce a limited request service that ensures the product range continues to reflect the products that customers require.Section5 Sales and Marketing5.1 Marketing StrategiesAs the intention is for the business to position itself as a time determined local convenience store, a major part of the trade strategy is to deliver the vehicle to specific locations at time slots that equate to local needs. For example, in areas of higher employment, these would be prior to use hours, lunchtimes and after office hours. Similarly, for areas with a high concentration of elderly and family residents, the mid-morning and mid-afternoon time slots are perceived to be more appropriate.5.2 Unique selling pointThe unique selling points of this particular business model, apart from the intention for the retailing opportunity to be where the consumer needs it at the time it is needed, is to maintain a competitive price, service and product range advantage. The partnership connection is particularly important in regards to the first and last of these advantages in that it will enable NWMG to keep prices at a lev el where the differential between these and distant store prices will be offset by the cost and time saving of making such a trip.5.3 Media, promotion strategy and advertising campaignBecause of the nature and geographic area of the business, the media and promotional strategy will be localised, using newspaper, local radio and TV stations to kindle the business. The approach will be further enhanced with the delivery of direct flyers, which will introduce the service and market research conducted through local questionnaires and interviews. This type of direct consumer feedback is considered to be essential for both the establishment of and future growth of the business. It also allows for the employees to begin to develop a customer relationship, whilst at the same time assisting the business in determining that its strategy is delivering to customer needs and satisfaction.5.5 BudgetThe budget details for the sales and marketing programme are turn to in more details within the c ash flow projections. However, because of the localised nature of the business and the direct interaction with customers that will be achieved during retailing activities and the market research programme, it is not considered that a substantial budget will be required for this area of the business smashers. In this area also, in addition to examine actual with budget coats, a system for monitoring the return on marketing expense will be maintainedThe predominant owner of this business will the author this report, who intends to invest 30,000 of his own capital into the project. With the objective of forming a partnership with large grocery brand distributor or retailer, it is anticipated that this partner will be offered a position on the board of the limited company. The responsibility will be shared by these board members in the following manner. With regard to the day-to-day business activities and development, the author will be responsible for this areas. The new board membe rs will have responsibility for product development and assisting in the development of the business retailing strategy for the future.In addition to senior management, the business will employ four full time personnel. All of these employees will be required to have HGV licences and, as previously indicated, undergo customer relationship training. The employees will work in pairs on the two vehicles, dividing the responsibility of madcap and retailing appropriately, with required rest periods being taken during the times when the vehicles are at a static location. To ensure that the required hours of employment are maintained the proprietor, who has an HGV licence, will act as a relief driver for part of the week on each vehicle.It is anticipated that the above management and employee structure will serve the business during the course of the first year years of operation. Where required, other expertise will be engaged on an as and when required basis to deal with legal, accounti ng and taxation issues that affect the business.Section6 Financial considerations6.1 Pricing strategyAlthough, due to the additional costs of transportation, staff, economies of scale and other overhead cost that attach to the type of business being operated by NWMG it will not be possible to maintain prices as low as those offered by supermarkets, as mentioned earlier, through the facilities offered by the intended partnership connection, including the economies of scale this provides, the pricing of products will be maintained at a competitive level for the local consumption and will largely by offset by savings that consumers achieve from lessening distant shopping trips.6.2 Projected salesIn terms of the projection for sales, it is anticipated that the business will experience a reasonably significant rise in sales revenue within the first six to nine months of operations. From the position at the end of the first year the objective is to achieve an annual sales increase of aro und two and a bottom times in year two and approximately a third in year three. Although part of these sales progressions will come from product range and price increases, most of the increase will result from the business attracting an increased customer bases and encouraging additional purchases. The progression from year four onwards is likely to demand an increase in the number of routes covered, which will require additional vehicles and staff levels. All of these intentions have been incorporated within the projected cash flow forecasts and account statements that are attached in appendices one to three at the conclusion of this plan.6.2 Other financial considerationsAs can be seen from the cash flows, the absolute majority of the capital investment for the business will be required within the initial months of trading. In total, these capital costs can be identified as follows Retail equipment includes chip and pin and remote stock control programmes. Of this capital 27,000 of the vehicle is intended to be met through the provision of a six year hire purchase agreement, with the balance of the funding being achieved through the initial capital investments. As a point of interest, it is also intended to replace the business vehicles on a four year cycle, using the asset replacement fund, as this will maintain the professional image of the business and reduce the center of maintenance costs expended during their usage.The total financial requirement of the business is 75,000, which is anticipated to be met by a 25,000 investment from the proprietor and the remainder from the partnering organisation. In counterchange for the partners investment, they will receive 45% of the business shares and the remainder of their investment will form the basis of the share premium account celebrated on the balance sheets.AppendicesAppendix 1 Cash Flow ForecastsNotes to the cash flowNumber of weeks is counted by reference to the number of Saturdays in the monthNo a ccount has been taken for VAT and Corporation tax at this stageProduct price increases have not been taken into account as it is considered that these will be offset by increased costsA contingency amount of 1% has been allowed to account for any unexpected expensesNorth Wales Mobile Grocery ServiceCash Flow ForecastYear to April 2009

Enhancing Teaching and Learning Practices in Malaysia

Enhancing Teaching and Learning Practices in Malaysia nurture is one of the main fundamentals in building up a nation. In Malaysia, grooming has eer been the top priority of the authorities. About a quarter of the government 5 geezerhood budget is allocated to the ministry of exploitation to maintain good procreation system in this country. The vision of the government is to make Malaysia a centre of educational excellence. at that place ar three takes of education in Malaysia which are the elementary education a period of cardinal years, that is, from Standard One to Standard Six junior-grade education five years, that is, from Form One to Form Five and the tertiary aim of education. Upon completion of secondary education, eligible students can opt to pursue ii years of post-secondary education, Form Six. This is the univer razzy entrance preparatory course. The pre-tertiary education (pre-school to post-secondary education) is at a lower place the jurisdiction of the Ministry of cultivation (MOE) while tertiary or high(prenominal) education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE).1Education is a priority of the Federal Government of Malaysia and it is committed to impart flavour education to all. Most of the Five-Year Malayan Plans have placed great importance on education, prepare and lifelong learning. In line with greater centralise on human development, an average of about twenty-one percent of the total budget allocation has been allocated for the expenditure of education and training development. The interior(a) philosophy of education states that Education in Malaysia is an ongoing effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to seduce individuals who are intellectually, spectrally, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. It is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowled geable and competent, possess high moral standards, and are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well-being as well as to contribute to the betterment of the family, society and nation at large.2In order to support Vision 2020 the education system is transforming which entail changing the culture and practices of Malaysias primary and secondary schools, moving away from memory-based learning to an education that stimulates thinking, creativity, runs to individual abilities and learning styles, and based on a more than equitable access. At the same time, Malaysia is initiating umpteen approaches in order to keep up with the changing world and current require which will generate a well-structured development of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education. The government has in any case clearly outlined the strategic thrusts in the internal Higher Education Strategic Plan to make Malaysia an international centre of educational excellence by 2020.3MALAYSIAN E DUCATION SYSTEMEducation is the responsibility of the Federal Government. Malaysias national education system is divided into pre-tertiary and tertiary education. There are two giving medication authorities for the education sector. Pre-tertiary education, that is, from pre-school to secondary education, is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education (MOE) while tertiary education or higher education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE). Under the national education system, a child begins his/her education with pre-school education at the age of cardinal and will be admitted into the first year of the sextette years compulsory primary education when the child reaches the age of six on the first day of January of the current school year. The government tolerates eleven years of free primary and secondary education. Most schools in the country are government or government-aided schools and a number of private schools. The school starts in Januar y and ends in November. Students sit for common cosmos examinations at the end of primary, lower secondary, supper secondary and sixth form levels.4Pre-school Education. Pre-school education is part of the National Education System under the Education Act, 1996. The aim of pre-school education is to provide a firm foundation for formal education. Pre-schools are run by government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as private institutions. The major government agencies that are responsible for pre-school education are the Ministry of Education (MOE), the Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of National Unity and Community Development. Children enroll between the ages of four and six and all pre-schools have to abide the class guidelines set by the Ministry of Education. The political platform enables pre-school children to acquire sufficient basin communication, social and other positive skills in preparation for primary schooling. The learning comp onents include language and communication, physical development, cognitive development, moral and spiritual growth, socio-emotional development, aesthetic and creativity.Primary Education. Primary education is divided into two fleshs phase 1 Year 1-3 and phase 2 Year 4-6. Education at this level aims to provide the child with a firm foundation in the basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, as well as emphasizing thinking skills and values across the curriculum. While education at this level is not compulsory, more than ninety-nine percent of this age- base are enrolled in primary schools throughout the country. There are two types of schools at the primary level the National Schools and the National-Type Schools. In the National Schools the medium of instruction is the Malay language which is the national language. The medium of instruction in the National-Type Schools is either Chinese language or Tamil language. in both(prenominal) types of schools, the Malay language is a compulsory subject. English is compulsory and is taught as a second language in all schools. Chinese, Tamil and indigenous languages are also offered as subjects in national schools.5Secondary Education. Secondary education is basically an extension of primary level education. Education at this level is habitual in nature and is divided into lower and upper secondary level, and a special year transition program known as Remove kinsfolk for pupils from the National-Type Chinese and Tamil Primary Schools.6Remove Class. Remove Class is a transition year for pupils from the Chinese and Tamil medium schools to acquire sufficient progression in the national language to enable them to learn through this medium the pursuance year. However, pupils who have performed well in the Primary Assessment Test (UPSR Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah) at the end of Year 6, are allowed to proceed directly to Form 1.Lower Secondary Level (Form 1-Form 3). This level covers a period of three years . Education at this level is general in nature. All subjects are core subjects and compulsory for all. Chinese, language, Tamil language and Arabic language (Communication) are offered as additional subjects. Upon completion, pupils sit for a common examination, that is, the Lower Secondary Assessment (PMR Penilaian Menengah Rendah).Upper Secondary (Form 4-5). Education at this level covers a period of two years. Besides following the general education program, students begin to specialize in the science, arts, technical, vocational and ghostly discipline. Specific schools are designated for each discipline. These schools are academician schools, technical schools, vocational schools and religious schools. Upon completion, students sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) examination.Secondary Technical Schools. Secondary technical education is aimed at producing an adequate pool of qualified students who excel in mathematics and science, as well as in basic engineering subjects. Students in secondary technical schools follow the same core subjects of upper secondary school curriculum and choose science and technical subjects as electives. Admission to these schools is through application based on the PMR results, and only students with intemperate background in Mathematics and Science are selected. Students from these schools are expected to continue their studies in science and technology-related courses at the higher levels as well as in innovative skills.Secondary Vocational Schools. These schools provide courses in pre-employment skills as well as general education. Courses are offered in two streams vocational education stream and skills education stream. In the former, tension is given to general and technical subjects in order to provide students with a good foundation for admission into polytechnics or other higher institutions. In the skills stream emphasis is given to practical work to develop competency in trade skills required by related industries. Students are prepared for the National Vocational Training Certificate.Upon completion of eleven years of free education, further education is no longer automatic but is subject to the individuals academic performance and financial stability. These upper secondary school graduates, that is, Form Five leavers, can opt to continue their education in post-secondary schools to obtain a pre-university force such as the Sixth Form or Matriculation program or GCE ALevel, or further their education at tertiary or higher institutions. Higher education includes certificate, diploma, undergraduates as well as postgraduate studies. Undergraduate studies consist of Bachelors degree levels and professional studies while postgraduate studies consist of Masters degrees and PhD levels. Generally, higher education at the diploma level is for secondary school certificate holders, that is, Form Five (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or SPM) from the age of seve nteen onwards. The Bachelors degree is for students from the age of cardinal onwards with post-secondary qualifications such Form Six (STPM Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia), which is equivalent to the GCE ALevel, or pre-university qualifications.7MALAYSIAN SCHOOL CURRICULUMThe role of the school curriculum is to ensure the holistic development of the individuals potential, mentally, spiritually, emotionally and physically. The curriculum is to bring faster the Malaysian citizen who is balanced and well-rounded individual, trained, skillful and cherishes the national aspiration for unity. The Malaysian school curriculum has been reframed and realigned to present and coming(prenominal) needs. Besides that, rapid developments in technology, saucy theories of learning and developments within Malaysia itself necessitated the systematic curriculum. The basis of the curriculum took into considerations four main aspects national development, individual development, learning theories, a nd the national philosophy of education.8The basic theoretical principle in the readiness and design of the Malaysian curriculum is the integrated approach. Infusion of specific aspects of education such as moral values, patriotism, science and technology, language, environmental education, study skills, creative and critical thinking, and road safety across the subject disciplines is a basic feature in the Malaysian curriculum. Such an infusion is made with the purpose of consolidating these aspects which may already be in the school subjects but needs further emphasis. Patriotism, for example, is already discussed in memoir and Local Studies but beca social occasion of its importance, the national curriculum requires that it be taught across other subjects.Others such as environmental education are taught across the curriculum because it cannot be accorded the status of subject due to constraints of time, facilities and the like. The technical, vocational and skills training off ered in secondary technical and secondary vocational schools provide students with practical training and employability skills. Besides that, the use of technology as an enabler to facilitate teaching and learning activities have made learning interesting, motivating, stimulating, meaningful and develop skills that will prepare students to face greater challenges.9Pre-school Curriculum. The pre-school curriculum focuses on the whole-child development. The curriculum emphasizes on socialization process, the development of personality and the preparation of children to enter primary school. The components in the curriculum include language and communication, cognitive development, socio-emotional development, spiritual development, physical development and aesthetic and creativity.Primary School Curriculum. The Integrated Curriculum for Primary School (ICPS) is divided into two phases phase 1 for Year 1-3 and phase 2 for Year 4-6. The ICPS emphasizes the ascendency, reinforcement an d application of 3Rs, acquisition of complex skills and knowledge, pre-vocational skill, and the development of personality, attitudes and values. The ICPS consists of three areas, mainly communication, man and his environment, and self development. These areas are further divide into six components basic skills, humanities, art and recreation, living skills, communication, spiritually, values and attitudes.Secondary School Curriculum. The emphasis of Integrated Curriculum for Secondary School (ICCS) is on general education, the consolidation of skills acquired in primary school, the development of attitudes, values, personality, and interests as well as specialization for higher education and career options.CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN EDUCATIONIn the twenty-first century, education in Malaysia will face significant challenge as it is in this century that the country is set to become industrialized. It is imperative therefore to understand what it is that needs to be given attention for the education system to prepare adequately for the centuryShift to K-economy. Knowledge has to be the basic form of capital in the twenty-first century to position Malaysia for industrialization. The education system must yield knowledge workers to push Malaysia into the K-economy. Knowledge workers are essential for the country to make investments in technology which will contribute to sustainable growth. Malaysian education must enhance knowledge and technology in every facet of its education system.10 improve Education Qualities. Given all the soft achievements at all levels of education with around-the-clock growth of enrolment rates, Malaysian education has to shift to the dominance of qualitative target. Several factors have to be considered for determining educational quality. The areas of content and delivery that directly affect teaching and learning must be given emphasis. There have to be innovations within the approach for both the content and delivery at all leve ls of education. To ensure effective delivery, teacher professionalism has to be addressed to obtain greater professionalism among school teachers. Recruitments, training and school restructuring should be the primary target areas for introducing professionalism among teachers.11Narrowing the Digital Divide. The equity issue in education should aim for providing adequate access to education. The focus of democratization of the education in the twenty-first century will be in terms of providing equity in education with emphasis on knowledge and technology between rural and urban school population. Malaysian education has to achieve increase participation and improved performance in science and technology especially among the school population. Apart from providing the necessary infrastructure, science and technology have to be aggressively promoted to harness interest among students.12Redifining the Role of the tete-a-tete Sector. The role of the private sector is vital particular ly at the higher level of education. It releases some of the heavy financing load off the government, reduces the capacity constraints of the habitual institutions, and provide innovation and competition. Nonetheless, profit and commercial motivations have developed a number of problems. These problems if not address adequately will effect the quality of higher education in the country. One broad question that should be addressed is what should be the role of private higher education should they be complementary, supplementary or both.13Teaching Methodology. Two shortcoming are identified in the current practice (i) lecture-based instruction students tend to become passive recipients of knowledge and resort to rote learning learning (ii) teacher-centered students tend to rely on their teachers to decide what, when, and how to learn. This worked relatively well but it is not clear that students are learning at higher, conceptual level of thinking.14PROPOSED ENHANCEMENTSSeveral f actors ought to facilitate the enhancements of the Malaysian education system, especially the national curriculum such as the introduction of new subjects and programs in schools. The facilitating factors include findings of research and studies, public opinions, world trends, social and economical needs and political pressures. In addition, they are to be facilitated further with the existence of the following supporting factors at varying degreesThe governments move efforts to expand and improve education and training through increase in the budget for education.The experience over the years of the nations education policy in enhancing quality and access to education to meet the needs of rapid development of the nation.Availability of basic infrastructure and training, that is, in-service teacher training, seminars, forums and workshops to familiarize teachers with the curriculum and to upgrade teachers efficiency.Continuous training received by ministry officers both locally an d overseas covering a wide range of topics which helps the officers to gain more knowledge and experience in planning and implementing curriculum reform initiatives.Public awareness and support to carry out educational reforms to fulfill the needs of cultural, social and economic development.Efforts by both the government and private sectors to intensify the acquisition and application of information and communication technologies in all fields of life as a result of globalization and modernisation.The strong commitment and awareness among parents of the importance of education in producing educated, knowledgeable and skillful Malaysians who are prudent, creative and innovative.In the learning process, to develop inter-personal and small-group skills teachers must provide opportunities for group appendages to know each other, support and accept each other, communicate accurately and confidently, and resolve differences constructively.Promotive interactions individual can achieve p romotive interaction by helping each other, exchanging resources, challenging each others conclusion, provide feedback, encouraging and striving for mutual benefits.Individual accountability teachers should assess the amount of effort that each member is contributing. These can be done by giving an individual test to each student and randomly calling students to present their groups work.Group processing teachers should provide opportunities for the class to assess group progress. This would enable group to focus on good working relationship, facilitate cooperation in learning and ensure members get feedback.15The curriculum must be so designed and randomly monitored to help students achieve overall and balance development and improvement.Appropriate mix of learning strategies to ensure mastery of basic competencies and promotion of holistic development.More emphasis should be given on students understanding of a particular concept, guiding students in active learning, providing o pportunities for banter and elaboration, and encouraging them to work with peers and teachers.Encourage and support collaborative effort with students from other schools or even from other countries.The curriculum and teaching methodology must cater to students different capabilities, for example, their learning styles and levels of intelligence.Allow students to practice self-paced, self-accessed and self-directed learning which can be facilitated via the use of technology.16CONCLUSIONThe environment and socialisation process to which students are undefended remain as important factors contributing to academic success and character building. The Malaysian educational system, at pre-school, primary and tertiary levels have consistently accent on the importance of nurturing, among others, moral values and ethics among students. Thus, the quality of education that teachers provide to students is highly dependent upon what teachers do in the classroom. Teachers should have the knowl edge on how students learn and how best to teach. In addition, contemporary learning and teaching methodology should be in line with the technologies of tomorrow where technologies and communications infrastructure are pavage the way for a more sophisticated ICT-enabled teaching and learning environment.Indeed, with the advent of globalisation and modernisation, the education curriculum in Malaysia for sustainable development in the new century, call for a total commitments from all Malaysians, with a sense of urgency in the face of increasing competition. The Malaysian policy framework recognises that education development plays an ever important role in building a sustainable, resilient and competitive society. Interestingly, the global education scenario has similar development strategies, namely, by providing wider accessibilities, ensuring quality education, continuous strategic education reforms so that the respective countries can compete as global education providers. In fa ct, education has already evolved into a big economic entity for some countries. Malaysia ought to be ready to face these challenges in the field of education, both internally and externally, with the advent of globalisation, trade liberalisation, and the development of ICT in this new century.

Examining Matrices Of Relation

Examining Matrices Of RelationHistory of hyaloplasm had to be going back to the ancient times, because it is not appevasivenessd until 1850. intercellular substance is the Latin word for womb, and is same in English. It stub excessively mean something is stageed or produced. hyaloplasm was introdeced by James Joseph Sylvester,who have brief vocation at the University of Virginia, which came to an abrupt end after an enraged Sylvester, hit a newspaper-reading student with a sword stick and fled the country, believing he had killed the studentAn grievous Chinese text from between 300 BC and AD 200, Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art (Chiu Chang Suan Shu), gives the use in matrix method to solve co-occurrent equations. And this is origins of matrix.Too much and not enough, is the concept of a determinant initiatory appears in the treatises seventh chapter. These concepts is invented nearly cardinal millennia before Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa in 1683 or his German cont emporary Gottfried Leibnitz (who is besides credited with the invention of differential calculus, separately from but simultaneously with Isaac Newton) found it and use it widely.In chapter eight Methods of rectangular arrays, use a counting board that is mathematically identical to the modern matrix method of solution to solve the simultaneous equation is more widely use. This is also called Gaussian elimination outlined by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Matrices has its serious in ancient China and today it is not plainly solve simultaneous equation, but also for designing the ready reckoner games graphics, describing the quantum mechanics of atomic structure, analysing relationships, and even plotting complicated dance stepsBackground of MatricesMore and larger with amount of numerical data, measurements of one division or another gathered from their lab is confronting the scientists. However the mere collecting and recording data have been collected, data must analyze a nd interpreted. And here, matrix algebra is useful in both simplifying and promoting much development of many analysis methods but also in organizing computer techniques to execute those methods and present its results.DefinitionAn M x N matrix is a rectangular array of members having m rows and n columns. The number comprising the array atomic number 18 called element of the matrix. The numbers m and n are called dimensions of the matrix. The set of all m x n matrices is denoted by Rm x n.We shall ordinarily denote a matrix by an upper case Latin or Greek letter, whenever possible, an element of a matrix will be denoted by the corresponding lower case Greek letter with devil subscripts, the first specifying the row that contains the element and the second the column.( )( )Thus the 3 x 3 matrix has the formA3x3( )The matrix is read as A with r rows and c columns has edict r x c (read as r by c) or Ar x cAnd 4 x 3 matrix has the form( )In some applications, notably those involvin g partitioned matrices, considerable notational simplification can achieved by permitting matrices with one or both its dimensions zero. Such matrices will be give tongue to to be void.Row and column matrixThe n x 1 matrix A has the formSuch matrix is called a column transmitter which has a star column completely, which looks exactly like a member of Rn. We shall not distinguish between n x 1 matrices and n-vectors they will de denoted by upper or lower case Latin letters as convenience dictates.Example the 1 x n matrix R has the formR= (11, 12, , 1n).R= (5, 6, 7, ,n)Such a matrix will be called a row vector.A well-organized notation is that of denoting matrices by uppercase letters and their elements by the lowercase counterparts with appropriate subscripts. Vectors are denoted by lowercase letters, often from the end of the alphabet, using the prime superscript to distinguish a row vector from a column vector. Thus A is a column vector and R is a row vector, is use for scala r whereby scalar represent a single number such as 2,-4Equal matricesFor two matrices to be check, every single element in the first matrix must be rival to the corresponding element in the other matrix.So these two matrices are equal=But these two are notOf course this means that if two matrices are equal, then they must have the same numbers of rows and columns as each other. So a 33 matrix could never be equal to a 24 matrix, for instance.Also remember that each element must be equal to that element in the other matrix, so its no true if all the values are there but in different placesCombining the ideas of subtraction and equality leads to the definition of zero matrix algebra. For when A=B , then aij =bijAnd soA B = aij bij = 0 =0Which mean in matrix areSquare MatrixA square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns. An m x n matrix A is said to be a square matrix if m = nExample number of rows = number of columns.*provided no ambiguityIn the seque l the dimensions and properties of a matrix will often be determined by context. As an example of this, the statement that A is of order n carries the implication that A is square.An n-by-n matrix is drive inn as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such thatAB = IThis is equivalent to BA = I Moreover, if B exists, it is unique and is called the inverse matrix of A, denoted A1.The entries Ai,i form the important diagonal of a matrix. The trace, TR(A) of a square matrix A is the sum of its diagonal entries. While, as mentioned above, matrix multiplication is not commutative, the trace of the product of two matrices is independent of the order of the factorsTR (AB) = TR (BA).Also, the trace of a matrix is equal to that of its transpose, i.e. TR(A) = TR(AT).If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal matrix. If o nly all entries above (below) the main diagonal are zero, A is called a lower angulate matrix (upper triangular matrix, respectively). For example, if n = 3, they look like(Diagonal), (lower) and (upper triangular matrix).Properties of Square Matrix Any two square matrices of the same order can be added. Any two square matrices of the same order can be multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such thatAB = In.Examples for Square Matrix For example A = is a square matrix of order 3 - 3.Relations of matricesIf R is a relation from X to Y and x1, . . . , xm is an ordering of the elements of X and y1, . . . , yn is an ordering of the elements of Y , the matrix A of R is obtained by defining Aij = 1 if xi R yj and 0 otherwise. Note that the matrix of R depends on the orderings of X and Y.Example The matrix of the relationR = (1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b)From X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to Y = a, b, c, d, e relative to the orderings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and a, b, c, d, e isExample We see from the matrix in the first example that the elements (1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b) are in the relation because those entries in the matrix are 1. We also see that the domain is 1, 3, 5 because those rows contain at least one 1, and the range is a, b, c, d because those columns contain at least one.Symmetric and anti-symmetricLet R be a relation on a set X, let x1, . . . , xn be an ordering of X, and let A be the matrix of R where the ordering x1, . . . , xn is used for both the rows and columns. hence R is involuntary if and only if the main diagonal of A consists of all 1s (i.e., Aii = 1 for all i). R is symmetric if and only if A is symmetric (i.e., Aij = Aji for all i and j). R is anti-symmetric if and only if for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. R is transitive verb if and only if whenever A2 ij is nonzero, Aij is also nonzero.ExampleThe matrix of the relation R = (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3) on 1, 2, 3, 4 relative to the ordering 1, 2, 3, 4 is A =We see that R is not reflexive because As main diagonal contains a 0. R is not symmetric because A is not symmetric for example, A12 = 1, butA21 = 0. R is anti-symmetric because for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1.Reflexive MatricesIn functional analysis, reflexive operator is an operator that has enough invariant subspaces to characterize it. The matrices that obey the reflexive rules also called ref matrices. A relation is reflexive if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Nest algebras are examples of reflexive matrices. In dimensions or spaces of matrices, finite dimensions are the matrices of a given size whose nonzero entries lie in an upper-triangular pattern.This 2 by 2 matrices is NOT a reflexive matricesThe matrix of the relation which is reflexive isR=(a, a),(b,b),(c,c),(d,d),(b,c),(c,b)on a,b,c,d, relative to the ordering a,b,c,d isOrIn generally reflexive matrices are in the case if a nd only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set.Transitive MatricesWhen we talk about transitive matrices, we have to compare the A(matrix) to the A2(matrix). Whenever the element in the A is nonzero then the element in theA2 have to be nonzero or vice versa to show that the matrices is transitive.For examples of transitive matricesThen the A2 isNow we can have a look where all the element aij in A and A2 is either both nonzero or both are zero. other exampleConclusionIn conclusion, the matrix we are discussed previous is useful and powerful in the mathematical analysis and collecting data. Besides the simultaneous equations, the quality of the matrices are useful in the programming where we putting in array that is a matrix also to store the data. Lastly, the matrices are playing very important role in the computer science and applied mathematics. So we can manage well of matrix, then we can play easy in computer science but the matrix is not easy to understand whereby thes e few pages of discussion and characteristic just a minor part of matrix. With this mini project, we know more about matrix and if we need to know all about how it uses in the computer science subject, I personally think that it will be difficult as it can be very complicated.

Husserl, Carnap, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Husserl, Carnap, Heidegger, and WittgensteinABSTRACT Phenomenology and logical positivism both subscribed to an empirical-verifiability measuring stick of mental or lingual meaning. The acceptance of this criterion confronted them with the same problem how to understand the Other as a subject with his own experience, if the existence and temperament of the Others experiences cannot be verified. Husserl tackled this problem in the Cartesian Meditations, but he could not reconcile the verifiability criterion with understanding the Others feelings and sensations. Carnaps solution was to embrace behavioristic psychology and eliminate the belief of private sensations, but behaviorism has well-known difficulties. Heidegger broke this impasse by suggesting that each persons being included being-with, an innate capacity for understanding the Other. To be pitying is to be hard-wired to make soul of the Other without having to verify the Others private sensations. I suggest that being-w ith emerged from an evolutionary imperative for conspecific animals to recognize each former(a) and to array their activities. Wittgenstein also rejected the verifiability criterion. He theorized that the meaning of a term is its usage and that terms about private sensations were meaningful because they have functions in our language-games. For example, Im in pain, the like a cry of pain, functions to overprotect the attention of others and motivate others to help. Wittgensteins theory shows how Daseins being-with includes primitive adaptive behavior such as cries, smiles, and threatening or playful gesture. As Dasein is acculturated, these behaviors are partially superseded by functionally equivalent linguistic expressions. I. IntroductionThere are obvious and important ways in which analytic and Continental philosophy differ, but this should not make us overlook their thematic and historical similarities. Both traditions had their roots in phenomenalistic theories that attempte d to reduce all meaning to the immediately given. Even though phenomenology was more generous in construing what was immediately given, neither phenomenology nor logical positivism could do justice to our understanding of the subjectivity of other people. Heidegger and Wittgenstein each dealt with this problem in unique but complementary ways.Phenomenology and logical positivism both subscribed to the verifiability criterion for meaning (verificationism for short). Logical positivists emphasized linguistic meaning, and in their most antimetaphysical exemplify asserted that a synthetic sentence is meaningful for a person only if that person could use experience to sight the sentences truth-value. Husserl was more interested in thoughts about the existence and nature of phenomena and believed that they gained meaning only through acts of verification.Husserl, Carnap, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein Philosophy Philosophical PapersHusserl, Carnap, Heidegger, and WittgensteinABSTRACT Ph enomenology and logical positivism both subscribed to an empirical-verifiability criterion of mental or linguistic meaning. The acceptance of this criterion confronted them with the same problem how to understand the Other as a subject with his own experience, if the existence and nature of the Others experiences cannot be verified. Husserl tackled this problem in the Cartesian Meditations, but he could not reconcile the verifiability criterion with understanding the Others feelings and sensations. Carnaps solution was to embrace behaviorism and eliminate the idea of private sensations, but behaviorism has well-known difficulties. Heidegger broke this impasse by suggesting that each persons being included being-with, an innate capacity for understanding the Other. To be human is to be hard-wired to make sense of the Other without having to verify the Others private sensations. I suggest that being-with emerged from an evolutionary imperative for conspecific animals to recognize each other and to coordinate their activities. Wittgenstein also rejected the verifiability criterion. He theorized that the meaning of a term is its usage and that terms about private sensations were meaningful because they have functions in our language-games. For example, Im in pain, like a cry of pain, functions to get the attention of others and motivate others to help. Wittgensteins theory shows how Daseins being-with includes primitive adaptive behavior such as cries, smiles, and threatening or playful gesture. As Dasein is acculturated, these behaviors are partially superseded by functionally equivalent linguistic expressions. I. IntroductionThere are obvious and important ways in which analytic and continental philosophy differ, but this should not make us overlook their thematic and historical similarities. Both traditions had their roots in phenomenalistic theories that attempted to reduce all meaning to the immediately given. Even though phenomenology was more generous in co nstruing what was immediately given, neither phenomenology nor logical positivism could do justice to our understanding of the subjectivity of other people. Heidegger and Wittgenstein each dealt with this problem in unique but complementary ways.Phenomenology and logical positivism both subscribed to the verifiability criterion for meaning (verificationism for short). Logical positivists emphasized linguistic meaning, and in their most antimetaphysical stage asserted that a synthetic sentence is meaningful for a person only if that person could use experience to discover the sentences truth-value. Husserl was more interested in thoughts about the existence and nature of phenomena and believed that they gained meaning only through acts of verification.

Mcdonaldization: Health In A Fastfood Society Essay -- essays research

McDonaldization Health in A Fastfood SocietyMcDonaldization, is the term Ritzer derived from the McDonalds fastfood filament to describe the state of our society. Ritzer claims our social bases have be come about completely dehumanized in the form of a bureaucracy.Health c ar is an example of one(a) institution that is characterized by the fourcomponents of bureaucracy efficiency, predictability, control andquantification.In the past, health c are was more simplistic in nature. House callswere no unheard of, and doctors knew all of their patients and their families ona personal level. The doctor who delivered your parents would deliver you aswell as your future children. Follow-ups were quite normal doctors wereconcerned with your progress for their own peace of mind. e actuallywhere time the modern health care system emerged into the bureaucraticorganization that it is. All the characteristics depicted by Ritzer are easilyseen when one examines health care. From a normal trip to the doctor for aroutine check-up or even a specific ailment to rush trip in the emergency mannerpredictability, control, efficiency, and quantification are obvious.Quantification is easily seen when you first step into a hospitalwaiting room and a huge sign tells you a number before you are even able tospeak to anyone. After waiting a while your number is called, you must giveyour health card number to the receptionist before continuing. You are thengiven a file number, which is your only identity for the time you spend withinthe hospital environment. After seeing the doctor you may come out with a fewprescriptions which furthers your nameless ordeal. When you drop namelessordeal. When you drop into a pharmacy to have a prescription filled the first liaison they ask is if you know your prescription number. If you cannot rememberit, your actual name is a secondary possibility as a means of identification.Before paying you may have to show your Blue Cross card number or otherinsura nce cards as well, in all it is a very dehumanizing, neutral process.Efficiency is another characteristic that is prominent in the hospitalsituation. To affect sure things more smoothly you must call ahead and make anappointment with the reception... ...ike health care workers has come in the face of ademand for efficiency and quantification. It is hard to say who is victimizedmost by this dehumanisation the doctors who must deny their humanity or theirpatients who must go to them for treatment.In conclusion when one applies the four components of McDonaldization toour present health care system one discovers that they are aptly applicable.Quantification is seen when one thinks about how our medical identity iscomprised of a series of different numbers. Efficiency is supposed to occurwith phone-in prescriptions and appointments. Control is assured by a doctorscapacity to make life or death decisions. As for predictability it is commonknowledge as to what routine one follows to re ceive treatment. Theirrationality is how impersonal and inefficient the whole system can becomethrough overworked doctors and other professionals. The iron cage is how thepatients of these stressed doctors feel from these doctors ignorance andneglect. In all it is true that the health care system is one socialinstitution that does successfully meet all of Ritzers requirements for aMcDonaldized institution.